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教师邮箱：张航

语法基础

十大词性

七个成分

五种基本句型

1. 主 + 谓

   I teach.

2. 主 + 系 + 表

   I am a teacher.

3. 主+谓+宾

   I teach English.

4. 主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾

   I teach you English.

5. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补

   I learn English better.

简单句&复合句

简单句

• 由一个主语和一个谓语构成的句子——只有一套主谓关系

复合句

复合句的分类

• 并列复合句

  I like apples, but I don’t like oranges.

• 主从复合句

  I like the apple that you gave me yesterday.

并列复合句

定义

由两个或两个以上的分句并列而成，这些分句叙述相关的几件事情，或说明相关的几种情况，彼此之间没有主次之分、没有从属关系。

并列复合句的分类

• 表示并列关系
  • 常见连词: and; not only… but also…; both…and…; as well as
• 表示选择关系
  • 常见连词: or; not…but…; either…or…
• 表示转折关系
  • 常见连词: but; yet; however; while
• 表示因果关系
  • 常见连词: because; for; so; as

构词法记忆

前缀(改变词义) + 词根(决定单词意义决定方向) + 后缀(决定词性)

定语从句

定语从句三步走

1. 先确定先行词
2. 再选择关系词
3. 最后写出从句

说明

• 定语从句：修饰名词或代词的从句。
• 先行项：被定语从句修饰的词或句子。
• 关系词：引导定语从句的词。

关系词

关系代词必须却成分；关系副词不缺成分

关系代词

that、which、who、whom、whose、as

关系副词

when(on which)、where(in which)、why(for which)

限定性定语从句

• 关系代词
  • 先行项是人
    • 关系代词用who/that/whom，在介词之后只能用whom
    • who/that指人, 在从句中作主语
    • whom/who/that指人, 在从句中做宾语
  • 先⾏行行项是物
    • 关系代词用which/that，介词之后只能用which
    • 只能用that的情况
      1. 先行词是不定代词时
      2. 先行词被序数词和最高级修饰时。
      3. 先行词被the only, the very, the last修饰时
• 关系副词
  • where，先行词是地点，在从句中作地点状语
  • when，先行词是时间，在从句中作时间状语
  • why，先行词是原因，在从句中作原因状语

看先行词是什么, 看定语从句缺什么.

非限制性定语成分

I like the girl who is making a pose.
我喜欢摆pose的那个女孩

I like the girl, who is making a pose.
我喜欢的那个女孩，她正在摆pose

三种情况

• 专有名词
• 类指
• 先行项是句子

对比

非限定性定语从句（有逗号的）中关系词不能转换成which使用

名词性从句

• 三种句式：陈述句（that）、一般疑问句（whether）、特殊疑问句（疑问词）
• 四种成分：主语、宾语、表语、补语（同位语）

宾语从句

陈述句 （that + 陈述语序）

1. I believe that our team will win the football match.
2. Everybody says that he is geek.

一般疑问句（whether + 陈述语序）

I don't know if / whether you love me.

用whether禁if的三种情况

• or not对whether很专一

    We don't know whether G.E.M will come or not.
  

• 介词后只能用whether

    It all depends on whether he will approve of our plan.
  

• 不定式之前用whether

    He doesn't know whether to stay or not.
  

非谓语

• 动名词：doing
• 动词不定式（谓语之外的地方）：to do

特殊疑问句（疑问词 + 陈述语序）

1. I don't know why he was late yesterday.
2. You do what you want. // 你爱咋咋地
3. Most of us didn't know to deal with the situation.

主语从句

陈述句（that + 陈述语序）

1. It is + 形容词 + that + 从句

2. It is + 名词 / 名词性短语 + that + 从句

    It is a pity that...
    It is good news ...
    It is an honor that...
    It is my belief that ...
    It is a miracle that ...
    It is a shame that...
   

3. It is + 过去分词 + that + 从句

    It is reported that...据报道
    It is believed that... 人们相信
    It must be pointed out that... 必须指出
    It has been found that... 现已发现
   

一般疑问句（whether + 陈述语序）

Whether you can pass the exam is unknown. 

特殊疑问句（疑问词 + 陈述语序）

When the sports meeting will be held is not sure.

表语从句

陈述句（that + 陈述语序）

1. My decision is that we all go to the cinema.

2. The reason why I am against this plan is that it will post a negative influence on the environment. // 我反对这个计划的原因是它将对环境有害。（既有定语从句又有表语从句）

3. The reson why i am in favor of this plan is it will pose a positive influence on the environment.

4. Yesterday is history, Tomorrow is mystery, Tody is a gift. That's why it's called the present.

一般疑问句（whether + 陈述语序）

The key point is whether you can shake your head.

特殊疑问句（疑问词 + 陈述语序）

The question is who will be responsible for the
accident.

同位语（补语）从句

需要注意的是同位语从与句式与定语从句相比较：

相同

• 展现形式

区别

陈述句（that + 陈述语序）

A saying gose that practice makes perfect. // 俗话说：熟能生巧。

The suggestion is great that we should get up early tomorrow. 

The news that he bought a fake Nokia made us laugh.

The news that Bin Laden was killed made him sad.

词汇升级

Beause
= Due to the fact that
= On account of the fact that

一般疑问句（whether + 陈述语序）

He is faced with the problem whether he should continue his school work.

特殊疑问句（疑问词 + 陈述语序）

I have no idea when we should set off. // 我不知道我们该何时出发。

I have no idea what you are talking about. // 我不知道你在说什么。

状语从句

修饰整个句子，表示句子间的关系。

时间状语从句

while

• while之后是持续的动作或状态

固定句型

• sb be doing — when sb did —
  • = while sb be doing, sb did
• be about to do — when
• had just done — when —

when

• when 引导的动作 可以持续，可以瞬间

固定句型（一…就…）

• had just done — when —
  • = had hardly done — when —
  • = had no sooner done — than
• sb be doing — when sb did —

as

• 译为“正当” 或“随着”

• as引导时间状语从句

before?

1. It took five minutes before he invited her. // [之后才]
2. It wasn’t long before the girl’s boyfriend showed up. // [不久就]
3. Before he could make up an excuse, her boyfriend agreed to dine out. // [没来得及就]
4. I would die before I dated with you. // [绝不]

until

We will not leave until he comes back. // 他一回来我们就走。

Never leave the things until tomorrow you can do today. // 今日事，今日毕。

• 主句动词延续, until.
• 主语动词短暂 not … until

as soon as

We will leave as soon as it stops raining. // 雨一停我们就走。

once

Once you understand the rules of the game, you’ll love it. // 你一旦了解了游戏规则会喜欢它的。

名词引导句子

• next time, the first time , the moment, the instant

The first time we heard the story, we didn’t understand it. // 我们第一次听说这个故事时完全不懂。

地点状语从句

Where there is a will, there is a way. // 有志者事竟成。

I found my wallet at the place where I fell down yesterday. // 我在昨天摔倒的地方找到了钱包.

原因状语从句

• because
• since
• 短语词组
  • now that 既然
  • seeing that 由于
  • considering that 考虑到
  • in that 由于，既然

条件状语从句

• Unless = if … not
• if/unless
  • 主将从现
• as long as 只要
• 短语词组
  • on condition that… 如果

目的状语从句

• in case

结果状语从句

• so+adj+that…

让步状语从句

• even if
• even though
• although
• though

越来越口语化，语气越来越弱

• while 表尽管

⽅式状语从句

• as/just as

  When in Rome, do as the Romans do. // ⼊入乡随俗。
    
  I have got Kongming just as fish gets into the water. // 孤之有孔明，犹⻥鱼之有⽔水也。
  

• as if/as though

  It seems as if it’s going to rain. // 似乎要下⾬了。
    
  He acted as if/as though nothing had happened. // 他表现得就像什么事都没发生似的。
  

⽐较状语从句

• as…as…

People are not as honest as they once were. // ⼈们不像过去那么诚实了。

虚拟语气

分类

1. if虚拟条件句
2. 其他句式虚拟
3. 名词性从句中的虚拟

if虚拟条件句

对现在的情况虚拟

• If从句: did/were
• 主句: would/could/might/should+do

对过去情况虚拟

• if从句: had +done
• 主句: would/could/might/should+have done

对将来情况虚拟

• if从句: were/were to do/ should do
• 主句: would/could/might/should+do

错综时间虚拟

If I had not met you, where would I be? // 如果当初没有遇⻅你，我现在会是在哪⾥?

不含if的虚拟条件

• without/but for 要不是，没有

    Without you, Icouldn't breathe. // 如果没有你，我就无法呼吸。
      
    But for much practice, you could not pronounce correctly. // 没有大量的练习，你就发不对音。
  

• wish / if only 希望，要是…就好了

  • wish + 宾语从句
  • if only + 感叹句

与现在事实不相符

• 动词一般用过去式 were/did

与过去事实不相符

• 从句中/感叹句中动词：过去完成时 had done

与将来事实不相符

• 从句中/感叹句中动词：过去完成时 would/could + 动词原形
• would rather 宁愿
  • +动词原形 - 表主观选择
  • +从句 - 表建议-动词虚拟